Calcination

Calcination is the process in which the inorganic substances are strongly heated 40 as to remove their volatile components and fixed component are preservede

Mechanism of Calcination

On laboratory scale we use silica or platinum crucibles, china dishes and glass dishes for this process. Firstly we add the chemical substance to respective apparatus, now heat this chemical substance until volatile components are evaporated and fixed components remain in apparatus. On industrial scale rotary kilns are used in the process of calcination.

Examples

CaCO3 ZnCO3 → Cao + CO2 → ZnO + CO2

Application in Pharmacy

One method of separating and purifying some inorganic compounds is calcination. calcium oxide Zinc oxide and red mercuric oxide.
It is used in the conversion of carbonates to oxides.

3. Centrifugation

Centrifugation is the process of using centrifugal force to separate the lighter components of a solution, mixture, or suspension from the heavier ones. The angular velocity of centrifugation determines the rate of force The rate of centrifugation is specified by the angular velocity measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).

Microcentrifuges

For processing small amounts of biological molecules, cells, or nuclei, microcentrifuges are employed.

Microcentrifuge tubes generally hold 0.5 - 2.0 mL of liquid, and are spun at maximum angular speeds of 12,000-13,000 rpm.

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Electrolyte balance

Electrolytes of body Electrolyte s are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge Electrolytes affect the amount of water in your body, the acidity of your blood (p), your muscle function, and other important processes You lose electrolytes when you sweat You replace them by drinking fluids. Common electrolytes include: Calcium Phosphorous Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sodium ELECTROLYTE BALANCE kokookoo Electrolyte balance, or salt balance, is necessary in controlling fluid movements within the body Salts are lost in perspiration, urine, feces and may be lost excessively in diarrhea, vomiting and sweating. The most crucial electrolyte for preserving electrolyte balance is sodium. Controlling the ratio of sodium intake to outflow is a crucial kidney function. Sodium: The predominant positive ion (cation) in fluid outside of cells is sodium. Na+ is the chemical symbol for sodium. Table salt is what is produced when chloride is added. Urine cont

Weights

Weight is a unit of measurement for the force of gravity applied to a body that is inversely correlated with mass.. Or the weight of an object is usually taken to be the force on the object due to gravity src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUPj22xYuEYiKZIsTfy9QGzVu1tquoH5fL2HvHmGGv26k3qix7xNingEm1qa1oUxkl4zO0qN4rarqB7PiqNzMAdaDdYBhwVURYab9RJ6bHnV4AdQP5M0RSVuvUu9Kvs7EAr9fpKSoXQ9TcQk-lef4NliCJFkHPrRC2RvFDTIw-V3lxtQ22c54X8dx7GnY1/w372-h320/Weights.jpg" title="Weights" width="372" /> Measures Finding out the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units is called measures. Or A standard unit used to express the size, amount, or degree of something. System of Measurement A system of measurement is a set of units of measurement which can be used to specify anything which can be measured There are two Systems of weights and measures The Imperial System The Metric System Imper

Liniments

These are alcoholic or oleaginous preparations of various medicinal substances intended for external application to the skin generally with friction and rubbing These are liquid or semi-liquid preparations and can be solution , suspension, or emulsion. Uses They are administered to an area to produce congestion or redness due to their rubefacient activity. Irritant: does not directly affect the tissues but causes inflammation of the area to which it is applied. Counterirritant: Rubbed intact skin to lessen or ease a tingling or soreness in the area. Penetrating behavior Two types of vehicles 1. Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic vehicle is useful when rubefacient, counter-irritant, or penetrating action is desired. 2. Oleaginous vehicles are employed when massage is desired. They are less irritating than alcoholic liniments Precautions It is not recommended to apply liners to injured skin as they may create significant irritation. Storage and Labeling The bottle should be labeled: "For

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