Introduction and application of various processes in pharmacy

Adsorption

When a solid surface is exposed to gas or liquid molecules then gas or liquid molecules accumulate at the surface it is called adsorption. The substance that deposits at the surface is called adsorbate. And the solid on whose surface the adsorption occurs is called adsorbent.

Attachment of Particle

The solid particles have more compact molecules than liquid or gases. So, it acts as a foundation in adsorption for liquid or gas particles. On surface they can join by the following ways

Ionic bonding
Physical interactions
Chemical Interaction

Difference between adsorption and absorption

Adsorption means deposition on surface only while absorption means penetration into the body of solid.

Types of adsorption

Adsorption fundamentally divided into two main categories

1. Physical Adsorption

It is the interaction of liquid or gas particles with solid particles surface and there is physical characteristics are involved

Example

Many drugs are absorbed from GIT and skin through physical adsorption mechanism.

Chemical Adsorption

It is the process in which liquid or gas particle binds to solid particle surf through chemical interaction is known as chemical adsorption Example Accumulation of O2 on the surface of iron

Factors affecting adsorption

Surface area

Increase in surface area leads to increase in the amount of gas adsorbed

Nature of gas

More liquefiable gases adsorbed more readily e.g SO2

Temperature

Adsorption decreases by increasing temperature.

Application of Adsorption

Adsorption is the mechanism of absorption through skin and GIT.
Adsorption is the fundamental mechanism of antidotes.
Removal of access acid from stomach by using weakly basic adsorbents.
It is used in discoloration of different substances. Activated charcoal remove color from solution.
It is the main mechanism to combat with intestinal toxin Example etox-P
Removal of poisonous gases from atmosphere.

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Electrolyte balance

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Weights

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Liniments

These are alcoholic or oleaginous preparations of various medicinal substances intended for external application to the skin generally with friction and rubbing These are liquid or semi-liquid preparations and can be solution , suspension, or emulsion. Uses They are administered to an area to produce congestion or redness due to their rubefacient activity. Irritant: does not directly affect the tissues but causes inflammation of the area to which it is applied. Counterirritant: Rubbed intact skin to lessen or ease a tingling or soreness in the area. Penetrating behavior Two types of vehicles 1. Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic vehicle is useful when rubefacient, counter-irritant, or penetrating action is desired. 2. Oleaginous vehicles are employed when massage is desired. They are less irritating than alcoholic liniments Precautions It is not recommended to apply liners to injured skin as they may create significant irritation. Storage and Labeling The bottle should be labeled: "For

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